饲用酵母甘露聚糖检测方法研究进展

酵母细胞中的甘露聚糖是一种非淀粉多糖,存在于酵母细胞壁的外层中。酵母甘露聚糖通常与蛋白质以共价键的形式相连,被称为甘露糖蛋白。酵母甘露聚糖在动物营养中具有重要的生物学功能,是酵母源生物产品中的关键功能性成分之一。甘露聚糖含量是评价酵母提取物、酵母水解物、酵母培养物等产品品质的重要指标。本文就饲用酵母甘露聚糖的检测方法研究进展做一综述。     

Fish functional diversity responses following flood pulses in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Flood pulses are the main force driving the dynamics of aquatic communities in floodplains. The responses of communities to environmental changes following flood pulses usually demand a time lag to appear and reach the climax. We assembled a data set of 16 years of fish samplings to assess the relationship between water level and four functional diversity measures, in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specifically, we approached four aspects of each relationship between water level and functional diversity: nature (positive or negative), sensitivity (response intensity), responsiveness (response delay) and extent (response duration). The nature of the relationship between water level and functional diversity was positive in all cases. Functional richness (FRic) responded right after flood pulses, although with shorter extent. Abundance‐dependent functional measures (evenness—FEve; divergence—FDiv; and Rao's quadratic entropy—Rao's Q) presented delayed responses, reaching peaks more than 1.5 years after flood pulses. Significant effects of floods on fish functional diversity were observed for more than 3 years, although the highest functional diversity was observed with 1.8 years, on average. More importantly, flood pulses had no longer significant effects on functional diversity after 4 years. Regarding conservation strategies in regulated systems, flood events should occur every 2 or 3 years, with adequate timing (October‐November), intensity (up to 450 cm) and duration (at least 50 uninterrupted days). Intervals longer than 3 years or inadequate timing, intensity and duration could dramatically decrease functional diversity and compromise ecosystem services.     

鱼类miRNAs研究新进展

正MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内生性的、进化上高度保守的单链成熟非编码RNA,长度约21~25个核苷酸,广泛存在植物、动物及微生物中~[1-2],参与生物体的胚胎形成、个体生长发育、机体免疫、疾病防御以及繁殖和糖脂类代谢等生命过程~[3-8]。目前,基于生物信息学预测,miRNAs约占整个基因组的2%~3%~[9]。自Lee等~[10]利用定位克隆法从秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)中克隆到     

荒漠植物凝结水形成机制研究进展

系统综述了国内外对凝结水的最新研究进展,包括凝结水形成机制、生态作用以及冠层凝结水吸收利用.结合荒漠植物的特点及研究现状,指出加强对荒漠植物吸收冠层凝结水的内在机理研究有助于理解荒漠植物对干旱胁迫的适应,可为全球变暖背景下的荒漠植物响应对策的阐述提供理论依据.     

全国水土保持功能年度价值评价研究

依据《中华人民共和国水土保持法释义》对水土保持功能的定义,分析了水土保持设施、地貌植被所发挥或蕴藏的有利于保护水土资源、防灾减灾、改善生态、促进社会进步等作用的内涵。在借鉴国内外先进经验和研究成果基础上,结合我国水土流失特点、水土保持现状,界定出水土保持功能价值概念。采用生态经济学计量方法,结合实际调研情况,分析各个指标之间的逻辑关系,建立了水土保持功能价值评价模型。按照国家水土保持区划一级分区,适当考虑二级分区和三级分区,以及全国水土流失动态监测站网分布概况,收集39个典型县(市、区)2016年度的土壤、水文、气象等观测资料,测算出其水土保持功能价值,进而推算至全类型区,再从8个水土保持一级分区的水土保持功能价值推算出2016年度全国水土保持功能价值,并在对测算结果进行分析讨论的基础上,对国家制定水土保持生态文明对策提出了建议。     

不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

基于GIS的福建省水土保持功能重要性评价

[目的] 对福建省水土保持功能重要性进行评价，为该省生态保护红线划定提供科学参考。[方法] 基于GIS技术，利用降水、土壤、数字高程和植被指数等数据，采用修正通用水土流失方程（RUSLE），估算福建省土壤保持量，并对其分级。[结果] 全省土壤保持总量为2.65×10⁹ t/a，平均土壤保持模数为20 789.82 t/（km²·a）。水土保持功能极其重要区、高度重要区、中等重要区、较为重要区和一般重要区面积分别为3 192.54，8 205.54，15 547.71，21 519.81，74 000.20 km²，分别占全省面积的2.61%，6.70%，12.70%，17.57%和60.42%。[结论] 福建省水土保持功能极其重要区、高度重要区和中等重要区主要分布在闽西和闽中2大山带及其周边丘陵山地区。     

1966-2017年贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征

[目的] 分析贵州省1966—2017年降雨侵蚀力R值的时空演变规律，为评估该地区降雨对土壤侵蚀的防治、制定水土保持措施及农业生产规划提供参考。[方法] 基于贵州省33个气象站点1966—2017年的日降雨资料，利用克里金插值法、经验正交函数（EOF）方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析法等，对贵州省52 a的降雨侵蚀力R值的时空特征进行了分析。[结果] ①EOF分析方法可以较好地解释降水侵蚀力的时空分布特征，其前两个特征向量累计贡献率达52%，揭示了贵州省降雨侵蚀力全局型和东西反向型两种典型的分布模态。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数可得，贵州省的降水侵蚀力主要表现为全省全年偏大、全省全年偏小、东大西小、东小西大4种类型；②贵州省降雨侵蚀力R值年内主要受汛期降雨影响，全省各县市汛期降雨侵蚀力R值均占全年总量的60%以上；③在年际变化上，降雨侵蚀力R值存在多突变的现象，1971—1981年突变频率最为频繁。通过周期检验发现其变化主周期为28 a，次周期分别为12 a和6 a。[结论] 贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布与降雨量的时空分布趋势近似，整体呈现南部大北部小，夏季大冬季小的趋势，在未来几年内降雨侵蚀力R值有上升的趋势。     

冀西北地区不同生态系统枯落物的水文效应

[目的]揭示不同植被生态系统枯落物水文效应的差异,为张家口地区生态空间格局优化提供支撑。[方法]基于样地调查和统计分析方法,分别对冀西北地区张家口市森林、农田和草地3种生态系统的枯落物在生长季末期持水能力及其与生物量之间的关系进行分析。[结果]①森林生态系统枯落物的最大持水量(30.7t/hm~2)、有效拦蓄量(22.97t/hm~2)、有效拦蓄率(187.49%)和吸水速率(5.84g/h)4个指标均优于其他两类生态系统。②草地枯落物的各项水文指标均值皆高于农田,最大持水率甚至高于森林生态系统。③枯落物生物量与其最大持水量和有效拦蓄量呈显著正相关关系,而枯落物占生态系统总生物量的比例随总生物量增加呈幂数下降。[结论]如果造林营林方式正确,森林生态系统能够提升区域水源涵养水平,同时草地的水源涵养能力不容忽视,市域内大范围的耕地向草地扩展,将直接影响区域的水源涵养能力。以生物量表征的生态系统固碳能力与枯落物蓄水所反映的水源涵养能力之间的响应关系在生态系统不同尺度下具有不同的表现,在对区域生态空间格局进行优化时,需明确特定环境下不同生态系统类型枯落物的水源涵养能力及其变化对其他生态服务功能的影响,从而实现各生态系统平衡发展。     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.